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Showing posts with label ECE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ECE. Show all posts
ANNA UNIVERSITY BE ECE 8 SEMESTER LIST OF SUBJECTS
4:37 AM
SEMESTER VIII
(Applicable to the students admitted from the Academic year 2008–2009 onwards)
CODE NO. COURSE TITLE L T P C
THEORY
Elective V 3 0 0 3
Elective VI 3 0 0 3
PRACTICAL
EC2451 Project Work 0 0 12 6
TOTAL 6 0 12 12
SEMESTER VIII - Elective V
CODE NO. COURSE TITLE L T P C
EC2042 Embedded and Real Time Systems 3 0 0 3
EC2046 Advanced Electronic system design 3 0 0 3
EC2047 Optoelectronic devices 3 0 0 3
EC2050 Mobile Adhoc Networks 3 0 0 3
EC2051 Wireless Sensor Networks 3 0 0 3
EC2052 Remote Sensing 3 0 0 3
EC2053 Engineering Acoustics 3 0 0 3
SEMESTER VIII - Elective VI
CODE NO. COURSE TITLE L T P C
EC2043 Wireless networks 3 0 0 3
EC2044 Telecommunication Switching and Networks 3 0 0 3
EC2045 Satellite Communication 3 0 0 3
EC2048 Telecommunication System Modeling and
Simulation
3 0 0 3
EC2049 Radar and Navigational Aids 3 0 0 3
EC2054 Optical Networks 3 0 0 3
GE2321 COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB
4:35 AM
GE2321 COMMUNICATION SKILLS LAB
L T P C
(Fifth / Sixth Semester) 0 0 4 2
A. English Language Lab (18 Periods)
1. Listening Comprehension: (6)
Listening and typing – Listening and sequencing of sentences – Filling in the blanks -
Listening and answering questions.
2. Reading Comprehension: (6)
Filling in the blanks - Close exercises – Vocabulary building - Reading and answering
questions.
3. Speaking: (6)
Phonetics: Intonation – Ear training - Correct Pronunciation – Sound recognition
exercises – Common Errors in English.
Conversations: Face to Face Conversation – Telephone conversation – Role play
activities (Students take on roles and engage in conversation)
B. Discussion of audio-visual materials (6 periods)
(Samples are available to learn and practice)
1. Resume / Report Preparation / Letter Writing (1)
Structuring the resume / report - Letter writing / Email Communication - Samples.
2. Presentation skills: (1)
Elements of effective presentation – Structure of presentation - Presentation tools –
Voice Modulation – Audience analysis - Body language – Video samples
3. Soft Skills: (2)
Time management – Articulateness – Assertiveness – Psychometrics –
Innovation and Creativity - Stress Management & Poise - Video Samples
4. Group Discussion: (1)
Why is GD part of selection process ? - Structure of GD – Moderator – led and other
GDs - Strategies in GD – Team work - Body Language - Mock GD -Video samples
5. Interview Skills: (1)
Kinds of interviews – Required Key Skills – Corporate culture – Mock interviews-
Video samples.
I. PC based session (Weightage 40%) 24 periods
II. Practice Session (Weightage – 60%) 24 periods
26
1. Resume / Report Preparation / Letter writing: Students prepare their
own resume and report. (2)
2. Presentation Skills: Students make presentations on given topics. (8)
3. Group Discussion: Students participate in group discussions. (6)
4. Interview Skills: Students participate in Mock Interviews (8)
REFERENCES:
1. Anderson, P.V, Technical Communication, Thomson Wadsworth ,
Sixth Edition, New Delhi, 2007.
2. Prakash, P, Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning, Macmillan India Ltd., Second
Edition, New Delhi, 2004.
3. John Seely, The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, Oxford University
Press, New Delhi, 2004.
4. Evans, D, Decisionmaker, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
5. Thorpe, E, and Thorpe, S, Objective English, Pearson Education,
Second Edition, New Delhi, 2007.
6. Turton, N.D and Heaton, J.B, Dictionary of Common Errors, Addision Wesley
Longman Ltd., Indian reprint 1998.
Lab Requirements:
1. Teacher console and systems for students.
2. English Language Lab Software
3. Career Lab Software
EC2357 VLSI DESIGN LAB
4:34 AM
EC2357 VLSI DESIGN LAB
L T P C0 0 3 2
1. Design Entry and simulation of combinational logic circuits (8 bit adders, 4 bit
multipliers, address decoders, multiplexers), Test bench creation, functional
verification, and concepts of concurrent and sequential execution to be highlighted.
2. Design Entry and simulation of sequential logic circuits (counters, PRBS generators,
accumulators). Test bench creation, functional verification, and concepts of
concurrent and sequential execution to be highlighted.
3. Synthesis, P&R and Post P&R simulation for all the blocks/codes developed in Expt.
No. 1 and No. 2 given above. Concepts of FPGA floor plan, critical path, design gate
count, I/O configuration and pin assignment to be taught in this experiment.
4. Generation of configuration/fuse files for all the blocks/codes developed as part of
Expt.1. and Expt. 2. FPGA devices must be configured and hardware tested for the
blocks/codes developed as part of Expt. 1. and Expt. 2. The correctness of the
inputs and outputs for each of the blocks must be demonstrated atleast on
oscilloscopes (logic analyzer preferred).
5. Schematic Entry and SPICE simulation of MOS differential amplifier. Determination
of gain, bandwidth, output impedance and CMRR.
6. Layout of a simple CMOS inverter, parasitic extraction and simulation.
7. Design of a 10 bit number controlled oscillator using standard cell approach,
simulation followed by study of synthesis reports.
8. Automatic layout generation followed by post layout extraction and simulation of the
circuit studied in Expt. No.7
Note 1. For Expt. 1 To 4 can be carried out using Altera (Quartus) / Xilinx (Alliance) /
ACTEL (Libero) tools.
Note 2. For expt. 5-8 introduce the student to basics of IC design. These have to be
carried out using atleast 0.5u CMOS technology libraries. The S/W tools needed
Cadence / MAGMA / Tanner.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2356 COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB
4:33 AM
EC2356 COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. PC to PC Communication
Parallel Communication using 8 bit parallel cable
Serial communication using RS 232C
2. Ethernet LAN protocol
To create scenario and study the performance of CSMA/CD protocol through
simulation
3. Token bus and token ring protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of token bus and token ring
protocols through simulation
4. Wireless LAN protocols
To create scenario and study the performance of network with CSMA / CA
protocol and compare with CSMA/CD protocols.
5. Implementation and study of stop and wait protocol
6. Implementation and study of Goback-N and selective repeat protocols
7. Implementation of distance vector routing algorithm
8. Implementation of Link state routing algorithm
9. Implementation of Data encryption and decryption
10. Transfer of files from PC to PC using Windows / Unix socket processing
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
CS2021 MULTICORE PROGRAMMING
4:32 AM
CS2021 MULTICORE PROGRAMMING
L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPROCESSORS AND SCALABILITY
ISSUES 9
Scalable design principles – Principles of processor design – Instruction Level
Parallelism, Thread level parallelism. Parallel computer models –- Symmetric and
distributed shared memory architectures – Performance Issues – Multi-core
Architectures - Software and hardware multithreading – SMT and CMP architectures –
Design issues – Case studies – Intel Multi-core architecture – SUN CMP architecture.
UNIT II PARALLEL PROGRAMMING 9
Fundamental concepts – Designing for threads – scheduling - Threading and parallel
programming constructs – Synchronization – Critical sections – Deadlock. Threading
APIs.
UNIT III OPENMP PROGRAMMING 9
OpenMP – Threading a loop – Thread overheads – Performance issues – Library
functions. Solutions to parallel programming problems – Data races, deadlocks and
livelocks – Non-blocking algorithms – Memory and cache related issues.
UNIT IV MPI PROGRAMMING 9
MPI Model – collective communication – data decomposition – communicators and
topologies – point-to-point communication – MPI Library.
UNIT V MULTITHREADED APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 9
Algorithms, program development and performance tuning.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Shameem Akhter and Jason Roberts, “Multi-core Programming”, Intel Press, 2006.
2. Michael J Quinn, Parallel programming in C with MPI and OpenMP, Tata Mcgraw Hill,
2003.
REFERENCES
1. John L. Hennessey and David A. Patterson, “ Computer architecture – A quantitative
approach”, Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier Publishers, 4th. edition, 2007.
2. David E. Culler, Jaswinder Pal Singh, “Parallel computing architecture : A hardware/
software approach” , Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier Publishers, 1999.
MA2264 NUMERICAL METHODS
4:31 AM
MA2264 NUMERICAL METHODS
L T P C
3 1 0 4
UNIT I SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS 9
Solution of equation –Fixed point iteration: x=g(x) method - Newton’s method – Solution
of linear system by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordon method– Iterative method -
Gauss-Seidel method - Inverse of a matrix by Gauss Jordon method – Eigen value of a
matrix by power method and by Jacobi method for symmetric matrix.
UNIT II INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION 9
Lagrangian Polynomials – Divided differences – Interpolating with a cubic spline –
Newton’s forward and backward difference formulas.
UNIT III NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION 9
Differentiation using interpolation formulae –Numerical integration by trapezoidal and
Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rules – Romberg’s method – Two and Three point Gaussian
quadrature formulae – Double integrals using trapezoidal and Simpsons’s rules.
UNIT IV INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS 9
Single step methods: Taylor series method – Euler method for first order equation –
Fourth order Runge – Kutta method for solving first and second order equations –
Multistep methods: Milne’s and Adam’s predictor and corrector methods.
UNIT V BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9
Finite difference solution of second order ordinary differential equation – Finite difference
solution of one dimensional heat equation by explicit and implicit methods – One
dimensional wave equation and two dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations.
L : 45 , T : 15 ,TOTAL = 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Veerarjan, T and Ramachandran, T. ‘Numerical methods with programming in ‘C’
Second Editiion, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing.Co.Ltd. (2007).
2. Sankara Rao K, ‘Numerical Methods for Scientisits and Engineers’ – 3rd editiion
Printice Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi, (2007).
REFERENCES
1. Chapra, S. C and Canale, R. P. “Numerical Methods for Engineers”, 5th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2007.
2. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P.O., “Applied Numerical Analysis”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education Asia, New Delhi, 2006.
3. Grewal, B.S. and Grewal,J.S., “ Numerical methods in Engineering and Science”, 6th
Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2004
EC2024 SPEECH PROCESSING
4:30 AM
EC2024 SPEECH PROCESSING
L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I MECHANICS OF SPEECH 9
Speech production: Mechanism of speech production, Acoustic phonetics - Digital
models for speech signals - Representations of speech waveform: Sampling speech
signals, basics of quantization, delta modulation, and Differential PCM - Auditory
perception: psycho acoustics.
UNIT II TIME DOMAIN METHODS FOR SPEECH PROCESSING 9
Time domain parameters of Speech signal – Methods for extracting the parameters
Energy, Average Magnitude, Zero crossing Rate – Silence Discrimination using ZCR
and energy – Short Time Auto Correlation Function – Pitch period estimation using Auto
Correlation Function.
UNIT III FREQUENCY DOMAIN METHOD FOR SPEECH PROCESSING 9
Short Time Fourier analysis: Fourier transform and linear filtering interpretations,
Sampling rates - Spectrographic displays - Pitch and formant extraction - Analysis by
Synthesis - Analysis synthesis systems: Phase vocoder, Channel Vocoder -
Homomorphic speech analysis: Cepstral analysis of Speech, Formant and Pitch
Estimation, Homomorphic Vocoders.
UNIT IV LINEAR PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH 9
Basic Principles of linear predictive analysis – Auto correlation method – Covariance
method – Solution of LPC equations – Cholesky method – Durbin’s Recursive algorithm,
– Application of LPC parameters – Pitch detection using LPC parameters – Formant
analysis – VELP – CELP.
UNIT V APPLICATION OF SPEECH & AUDIO SIGNAL PROCESSING 9
Algorithms: Dynamic time warping, K-means clusering and Vector quantization,
Gaussian mixture modeling, hidden Markov modeling - Automatic Speech Recognition:
Feature Extraction for ASR, Deterministic sequence recognition, Statistical Sequence
recognition, Language models - Speaker identification and verification – Voice response
system – Speech synthesis: basics of articulatory, source-filter, and concatenative
synthesis – VOIP
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK:
1. Thomas F, Quatieri, Discrete-Time Speech Signal Processing, Prentice Hall /
Pearson Education, 2004.
REFERENCES:
1. Ben Gold and Nelson Morgan, Speech and Audio Signal Processing, John Wiley and
Sons Inc., Singapore, 2004
2. L.R.Rabiner and R.W.Schaffer – Digital Processing of Speech signals – Prentice Hall
-1979
3. L.R. Rabiner and B. H. Juang, Fundamentals of Speech Recognition, Prentice Hall,
1993.
4. J.R. Deller, J.H.L. Hansen and J.G. Proakis, Discrete Time Processing of Speech
Signals, John Wiley, IEEE Press, 1999.
EC2023 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
4:29 AM
EC2023 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I CRYSTAL PROPERTIES AND GROWTH OF SEMICONDUCTORS 9
Semiconductor materials - Periodic Structures - Crystal Lattices - Cubic lattices - Planes
and Directions - Diamond lattice - Bulk Crystal Growth - Starting Materials - Growth of
Single Crystal lngots - Wafers - Doping - Epitaxial Growth - Lattice Matching in Epitaxial
Growth - Vapor - Phase Epitaxy - Atoms and Electrons - Introduction to Physical Models
- Experimental Observations - Photoelectric Effect - Atomic spectra - Bohr model -
Quantum Mechanics - Probability and Uncertainty Principle - Schrodinger Wave
Equation - Potential Well Equation - Potential well Problem - Tunneling.
UNIT II ENERGY BANDS AND CHARGE CARRIERS IN
SEMICONDUCTORS AND JUNCTIONS 9
Energy bands in Solids, Energy Bands in Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators -
Direct and Indirect Semiconductors - Variation of Energy Bands with Alloy Composition -
36
Charge Carriers in Semiconductors - Electrons and Holes - Electrons and Holes in
Quantum Wells - Carrier Concentrations - Fermi Level - Electron and Hole
Concentrations at Equilibrium - Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations -
Compensation and Space Charge Neutrality - Drift of Carrier in Electric and Magnetic
Fields conductivity and Mobility - Drift and Resistance - Effects of Temperature and
Doping on Mobility - High field effects - Hall Effect - invariance of Fermi level at
equilibrium - Fabrication of p-n junctions, Metal semiconductor junctions.
UNIT III METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FET 9
GaAS MESFET - High Electron Mobility Transistor - Short channel Effects - Metal
Insulator Semiconductor FET - Basic Operation and Fabrication - Effects of Real
Surfaces - Threshold Voltage - MOS capacitance Measurements - current - Voltage
Characteristics of MOS Gate Oxides - MOS Field Effect Transistor - Output
characteristics - Transfer characteristics - Short channel MOSFET V-I characteristics -
Control of Threshold Voltage - Substrate Bias Effects - Sub threshold characteristics -
Equivalent Circuit for MOSFET - MOSFET Scaling and Hot Electron Effects - Drain -
Induced Barrier Lowering - short channel and Narrow Width Effect - Gate Induced Drain
Leakage.
UNIT IV OPTOELCTRONIC DEVICES 9
Photodiodes - Current and Voltage in illuminated Junction - Solar Cells - Photo detectors
- Noise and Bandwidth of Photo detectors - Light Emitting Diodes - Light Emitting
Materials - Fiber Optic Communications Multilayer Heterojunctions for LEDs - Lasers -
Semiconductor lasers - Population Inversion at a Junction Emission Spectra for p-n
junction - Basic Semiconductor lasers - Materials for Semiconductor lasers.
UNIT V HIGH FREQUENSY AND HIGH POWER DEVICES 9
Tunnel Diodes, IMPATT Diode, operation of TRAPATT and BARITT Diodes, Gunn
Diode - transferred - electron mechanism, formation and drift of space charge domains,
p-n-p-n Diode, Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier, Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Ben. G. Streetman & Sanjan Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices, 5th Edition,
PHI, 2003.
REFERENCES
1. Donald A. Neaman, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Edition, TMH, 2002.
2. Yannis Tsividis, Operation & Mode line of MOS Transistor, 2nd Edition, Oxford
University Press, 1999.
3. Nandita Das Gupta & Aamitava Das Gupta, Semiconductor Devices Modeling a
Technology, PHI, 2004.
4. D.K. Bhattacharya & Rajinish Sharma, Solid State Electronic Devices, Oxford
University Press, 2007.
EC2022 OPERATING SYSTEMS
4:29 AM
EC2022 OPERATING SYSTEMS
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I OPERATING SYSTEM OVERVIEW 9
Introduction – Multiprogramming – Time sharing – Multi-user Operating systems –
System Call – Structure of Operating Systems
UNIT II PROCESS MANAGEMENT 9
Concept of Processes – Interprocess Communication – Racing – Synchronisation –
Mutual Exclusion – Scheduling – Implementation Issues – IPC in Multiprocessor System
– Threads
35
UNIT III MEMORY MANAGEMENT 9
Partition – paging – segmentation – virtual memory concepts – relocation algorithms –
buddy systems – Free space management – Case study.
UNIT IV DEVICE MANAGEMENT AND FILE SYSTEMS 9
File concept – access methods – directory structure – File system mounting – file
sharing – protection – file system implementation – I/O Hardware – Application I/O
Interface – Kernal I/O subsystem – Transforming I/O to Hardware Operations – Streams
– Disk Structure – Disk Scheduling Management – RAID structure
UNIT V MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS 9
Concepts of distributed operating systems – Real time operating system – Case studies:
UNIX, LINUX and Windows 2000.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Galvin and Gagne, ‘Operating System Concepts’,
Seventh Edition, John Wiley, 2007.
2. William Stallings, ‘Operating Systems – Internals and Design Principles’, Fifth
Edition, Prentice Hall India, 2005.
REFERENCES
1. Andrew Tanenbaum, ‘Modern Operating Systems’, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. Deital.H.M, “Operating Systems - A Modern Perspective”, Second Edition, Addison
Wesley, 2004.
3. Mukesh Singhal, Niranjan G.Shivaratri, “Advanced Concepts in Operating Systems”,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2001.
4. D.M.Dhamdhere, “Operating Systems – A Concept based Approach”, Second
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2006.
5. Crowley.C, “Operating Systems: A Design – Oriented Approach”, Tata McGraw Hill,
1999.
6. Ellen Siever, Aaron Weber, Stephen Figgins, ‘LINUX in a Nutshell’, Fourth Edition,
O’reilly, 2004.
EC2021 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
4:28 AM
EC2021 MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY AND BIO-POTENTIAL RECORDING 9
The origin of Bio-potentials; biopotential electrodes, biological amplifiers, ECG, EEG,
EMG, PCG, EOG, lead systems and recording methods, typical waveforms and signal
characteristics.
UNIT II BIO-CHEMICAL AND NON ELECTRICAL PARAMETER
MEASUREMENT 9
PH, PO2, PCO2, PHCO3, Electrophoresis, colorimeter, photometer, Auto analyzer,
Blood flow meter, cardiac output, respiratory measurement, Blood pressure,
temperature, pulse, Blood cell counters.
UNIT III ASSIST DEVICES AND BIO-TELEMETRY 9
Cardiac pacemakers, DC Defibrillator, Telemetry principles, frequency selection, Biotelemetry,
radio-pill and tele-stimulation.
UNIT IV RADIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENTS 9
Ionosing radiation, Diagnostic x-ray equipments, use of Radio Isotope in diagnosis,
Radiation Therapy.
UNIT V RECENT TRENDS IN MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 9
Thermograph, endoscopy unit, Laser in medicine, Diathermy units, Electrical safety in
medical equipment.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS
1. Leislie Cromwell, “Biomedical instrumentation and measurement”, Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi, 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Khandpur, R.S., “Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation”, TATA McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi, 2003.
2. Joseph J.Carr and John M.Brown, “Introduction to Biomedical equipment
Technology”, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2004.
EC2354 VLSI DESIGN
4:27 AM
EC2354 VLSI DESIGN
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I CMOS TECHNOLOGY 9
A brief History-MOS transistor, Ideal I-V characteristics, C-V characteristics, Non ideal IV
effects, DC transfer characteristics - CMOS technologies, Layout design Rules, CMOS
process enhancements, Technology related CAD issues, Manufacturing issues
UNIT II CIRCUIT CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION 9
Delay estimation, Logical effort and Transistor sizing, Power dissipation, Interconnect,
Design margin, Reliability, Scaling- SPICE tutorial, Device models, Device
characterization, Circuit characterization, Interconnect simulation
UNIT III COMBINATIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT DESIGN 9
Circuit families –Low power logic design – comparison of circuit families – Sequencing
static circuits, circuit design of latches and flip flops, Static sequencing element
methodology- sequencing dynamic circuits – synchronizers
UNIT IV CMOS TESTING 9
Need for testing- Testers, Text fixtures and test programs- Logic verification- Silicon
debug principles- Manufacturing test – Design for testability – Boundary scan
UNIT V SPECIFICATION USING VERILOG HDL 9
Basic concepts- identifiers- gate primitives, gate delays, operators, timing controls,
procedural assignments conditional statements, Data flow and RTL, structural gate level
switch level modeling, Design hierarchies, Behavioral and RTL modeling, Test benches,
Structural gate level description of decoder, equality detector, comparator, priority
encoder, half adder, full adder, Ripple carry adder, D latch and D flip flop.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Weste and Harris: CMOS VLSI DESIGN (Third edition) Pearson Education, 2005
2. Uyemura J.P: Introduction to VLSI circuits and systems, Wiley 2002.
REFERENCES:
1 D.A Pucknell & K.Eshraghian Basic VLSI Design, Third edition, PHI, 2003
2 Wayne Wolf, Modern VLSI design, Pearson Education, 2003
3 M.J.S.Smith: Application specific integrated circuits, Pearson Education, 1997
4 J.Bhasker: Verilog HDL primer, BS publication,2001
5 Ciletti Advanced Digital Design with the Verilog HDL, Prentice Hall of India, 2003
EC2353 ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
4:26 AM
EC2353 ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
L T P C3 1 0 4
UNIT I ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
9
Review of electromagnetic theory: Vector potential, Solution of wave equation, retarded
case, Hertizian dipole. Antenna characteristics: Radiation pattern, Beam solid angle,
Directivity, Gain, Input impedance, Polarization, Bandwidth, Reciprocity, Equivalence of
Radiation patterns, Equivalence of Impedances, Effective aperture, Vector effective
length, Antenna temperature.
UNIT II WIRE ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA ARRAYS 9
Wire antennas: Short dipole, Radiation resistance and Directivity, Half wave Dipole,
Monopole, Small loop antennas. Antenna Arrays: Linear Array and Pattern Multiplication,
Two-element Array, Uniform Array, Polynomial representation, Array with non-uniform
Excitation-Binomial Array
UNIT III APERTURE ANTENNAS 9
Aperture Antennas: Magnetic Current and its fields, Uniqueness theorem, Field
equivalence principle, Duality principle, Method of Images, Pattern properties, Slot
antenna, Horn Antenna, Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Reflector Antenna-Flat reflector,
Corner Reflector, Common curved reflector shapes, Lens Antenna.
UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 9
Special Antennas: Long wire, V and Rhombic Antenna, Yagi-Uda Antenna, Turnstile
Antenna, Helical Antenna- Axial mode helix, Normal mode helix, Biconical Antenna, Log
periodic Dipole Array, Spiral Antenna, Microstrip Patch Antennas.
Antenna Measurements: Radiation Pattern measurement, Gain and Directivity
Measurements, Anechoic Chamber measurement.
UNIT V RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION 9
Calculation of Great Circle Distance between any two points on earth, Ground Wave
Propagation, Free-space Propagation, Ground Reflection, Surface waves, Diffraction,
Wave propagation in complex Environments, Tropospheric Propagation, Tropospheric
Scatter. Ionospheric propagation: Structure of ionosphere, Sky waves, skip distance,
Virtual height, Critical frequency, MUF, Electrical properties of ionosphere, Effects of
earth’s magnetic fields, Faraday rotation, Whistlers.
L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL= 60 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS
1. E.C.Jordan and Balmain, “Electromagnetic waves and Radiating Systems”, Pearson
Education / PHI, 2006
2. A.R.Harish, M.Sachidanada, “Antennas and Wave propagation”, Oxford University
Press, 2007.
22
REFERENCES
1. John D.Kraus, Ronald J Marhefka and Ahmad S Khan, “Antennas for all
Applications”, Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company, 3 ed, 2007.
2. G.S.N.Raju, Antenna Wave Propagation, Pearson Education, 2004.
3. Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Desin, John Wiley, 2nd Edition,
2007.
4. R.E.Collins, “Antenna and Radiowave propagation”,
5. W.L Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, “Antenna analysis and design”, John Wiley, 2000.
EC2352 COMPUTER NETWORKS
4:25 AM
EC2352 COMPUTER NETWORKS
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I PHYSICAL LAYER 9
Data Communications – Networks - Networks models – OSI model – Layers in OSI
model – TCP / IP protocol suite – Addressing – Guided and Unguided Transmission
media
Switching: Circuit switched networks – Data gram Networks – Virtual circuit networks
Cable networks for Data transmission: Dialup modems – DSL – Cable TV – Cable TV for
Data transfer.
UNIT II DATA LINK LAYER 10
Data link control: Framing – Flow and error control –Protocols for Noiseless and Noisy
Channels – HDLC
Multiple access: Random access – Controlled access
Wired LANS : Ethernet – IEEE standards – standard Ethernet – changes in the standard
– Fast Ethernet – Gigabit Ethernet.
Wireless LANS : IEEE 802.11–Bluetooth.
Connecting LANS: Connecting devices - Backbone networks - Virtual LANS
Virtual circuit networks: Architecture and Layers of Frame Relay and ATM.
UNIT III NETWORK LAYER 9
Logical addressing: IPv4, IPv6 addresses
Internet Protocol: Internetworking – IPv4, IPv6 - Address mapping – ARP, RARP,
BOOTP, DHCP, ICMP, IGMP, Delivery - Forwarding - Routing – Unicast, Multicast
routing protocols.
UNIT IV TRANSPORT LAYER 8
Process-to-Process delivery - User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) – Congestion Control – Quality of services (QoS) – Techniques to
improve QoS.
UNIT V APPLICATION LAYER 9
Domain Name System (DNS) – E-mail – FTP – WWW – HTTP – Multimedia Network
Security: Cryptography – Symmetric key and Public Key algorithms - Digital signature –
Management of Public keys – Communication Security – Authentication Protocols.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Behrouz A. Foruzan, “Data communication and Networking”, Tata McGraw-Hill,
2006: Unit I-IV
2. Andrew S. Tannenbaum, “Computer Networks”, Pearson Education, Fourth Edition,
2003: Unit V
REFERENCES
1. Wayne Tomasi, “Introduction to Data Communication and Networking”, 1/e, Pearson
Education.
2. James .F. Kurouse & W. Rouse, “Computer Networking: A Topdown Approach
Featuring”,3/e, Pearson Education.
3. C.Sivaram Murthy, B.S.Manoj, “Ad hoc Wireless Networks – Architecture and
Protocols”, Second Edition, Pearson Education.
EC2351 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
4:24 AM
EC2351 MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I BASIC MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS 9
Measurement systems – Static and dynamic characteristics – units and standards of
measurements – error :- accuracy and precision, types, statistical analysis – moving coil,
moving iron meters – multimeters – Bridge measurements : – Maxwell, Hay, Schering,
Anderson and Wien bridge.
UNIT II BASIC ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Electronic multimeters – Cathode ray oscilloscopes – block schematic – applications –
special oscilloscopes :– delayed time base oscilloscopes, analog and digital storage
oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope – Q meters – Vector meters – RF voltage and
power measurements – True RMS meters.
UNIT III SIGNAL GENERATORS AND ANALYZERS 9
Function generators – pulse and square wave generators, RF signal generators –
Sweep generators – Frequency synthesizer – wave analyzer – Harmonic distortion
analyzer – spectrum analyzer :- digital spectrum analyzer, Vector Network Analyzer –
Digital L,C,R measurements, Digital RLC meters.
UNIT IV DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 9
Comparison of analog and digital techniques – digital voltmeter – multimeters –
frequency counters – measurement of frequency and time interval – extension of
frequency range – Automation in digital instruments, Automatic polarity indication,
automatic ranging, automatic zeroing, fully automatic digital instruments, Computer
controlled test systems, Virtual instruments.
UNIT V DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS AND FIBER
OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 9
Elements of a digital data acquisition system – interfacing of transducers – multiplexing –
data loggers –computer controlled instrumentation – IEEE 488 bus – fiber optic
measurements for power and system loss – optical time domains reflectometer.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Albert D.Helfrick and William D.Cooper – Modern Electronic Instrumentation and
Measurement Techniques, Pearson / Prentice Hall of India, 2007.
2. Ernest O. Doebelin, Measurement Systems- Application and Design, TMH, 2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Joseph J.Carr, Elements of Electronics Instrumentation and Measurement, Pearson
Education, 2003.
2. Alan. S. Morris, Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation, 2nd Edition,
Prentice Hall of India, 2003.
3. David A. Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and measurements, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt Ltd, 2003.
4. B.C. Nakra and K.K. Choudhry, Instrumentation, Meaurement and Analysis, 2nd
Edition, TMH, 2004.
5. James W. Dally, William F. Riley, Kenneth G. McConnell, Instrumentation for
Engineering Measurements, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, 2003.
MG2351 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
4:23 AM
MG2351 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
L T P C3 0 0 3
UNIT I OVERVIEW OF MANAGEMENT 9
Definition - Management - Role of managers - Evolution of Management thought -
Organization and the environmental factors – Trends and Challenges of Management in
Global Scenario.
UNIT II PLANNING 9
Nature and purpose of planning - Planning process - Types of plans – Objectives - -
Managing by objective (MBO) Strategies - Types of strategies - Policies - Decision
Making - Types of decision - Decision Making Process - Rational Decision Making
Process - Decision Making under different conditions.
UNIT III ORGANIZING 9
Nature and purpose of organizing - Organization structure - Formal and informal groups I
organization - Line and Staff authority - Departmentation - Span of control -
Centralization and Decentralization - Delegation of authority - Staffing - Selection and
Recruitment - Orientation - Career Development - Career stages – Training - -
Performance Appraisal.
UNIT IV DIRECTING 9
Creativity and Innovation - Motivation and Satisfaction - Motivation Theories -
Leadership Styles - Leadership theories - Communication - Barriers to effective
communication - Organization Culture - Elements and types of culture - Managing
cultural diversity.
UNIT V CONTROLLING 9
Process of controlling - Types of control - Budgetary and non-budgetary control
techniques - Managing Productivity - Cost Control - Purchase Control - Maintenance
Control - Quality Control - Planning operations.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter, 'Management', Prentice Hall of India,
8th edition.
2. Charles W L Hill, Steven L McShane, 'Principles of Management', Mcgraw Hill
Education, Special Indian Edition, 2007.
REFERENCES:
1. Hellriegel, Slocum & Jackson, ' Management - A Competency Based Approach',
Thomson South Western, 10th edition, 2007.
2. Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihrich and Mark V Cannice, 'Management - A global
& Entrepreneurial Perspective', Tata Mcgraw Hill, 12th edition, 2007.
3. Andrew J. Dubrin, 'Essentials of Management', Thomson Southwestern, 7th
edition, 2007.
ANNA UNIVERSITY BE ECE 6TH SEMESTER SYLLABUS DOWNLOAD
4:22 AM
ANNA UNIVERSITY BE ECE 6TH SEMESTER SYLLABUS DOWNLOAD
B.E. (8 SEMESTER) ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM – R 2008
SEMESTER VI
CURRICULUM – R 2008
SEMESTER VI
(Applicable to the students admitted from the Academic year 2008–2009 onwards)
CODE NO. COURSE TITLE L T P C
THEORY
MG2351 Principles of Management 3 0 0 3
EC2351 Measurements and Instrumentation 3 0 0 3
EC2352 Computer Networks 3 0 0 3
EC2353 Antenna and Wave Propagation 3 0 1 4
EC2354 VLSI Design 3 0 0 3
Elective I 3 0 0 3
PRACTICAL
EC2356 Computer Networks Lab 0 0 3 2
EC2357 VLSI Design Lab 0 0 3 2
GE2321 Communication Skills Lab 0 0 4 2
TOTAL 18 1 10 25
LIST OF ELECTIVES
SEMESTER VI – Elective I
CODE NO. COURSE TITLE L T P C
EC2021 Medical Electronics 3 0 0 3
EC2022 Operating Systems 3 0 0 3
EC2023 Solid State Electronic Devices 3 0 0 3
EC2024 Speech Processing 3 0 0 3
MA2264 Numerical Methods 3 1 0 4
CS2021 Multicore Programming 3 0 0 3
EC2306 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB
4:19 AM
EC2306 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
USING TMS320C5X/TMS320C 67XX/ADSP 218X/219X/BS531/532/561
1. Study of various addressing modes of DSP using simple programming examples
2. Implementation of Linear and Circular Convolution
3. Sampling of input signal and display
4. Waveform generation
5. Implementation of FIR filter
USING MATLAB
1. Generation of Signals
2. Linear and circular convolution of two sequences
3. Sampling and effect of aliasing
4. Design of FIR filters
5. Design of IIR filters
6. Calculation of FFT of a signal
7. Decimation by polyphase decomposition.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2307 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Amplitude modulation and Demodulation.
2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
3. Pulse Modulation – PAM / PWM / PPM
4. Pulse Code Modulation
5. Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation.
6. Digital Modulation & Demodulation – ASK, PSK, QPSK, FSK (Hardware &
MATLAB)
7. Designing, Assembling and Testing of Pre-Emphasis / De-emphasis Circuits.
8. PLL and Frequency Synthesizer
9. Line Coding
10. Error Control Coding using MATLAB.
11. Sampling & Time Division Multiplexing.
12. Frequency Division Multiplexing,
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2308 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Programs for 16 bit Arithmetic operations (Using 8086).
2. Programs for Sorting and Searching (Using 8086).
3. Programs for String manipulation operations (Using 8086).
4. Programs for Digital clock and Stop watch (Using 8086).
5. Interfacing ADC and DAC.
6. Parallel Communication between two MP Kits using Mode 1 and Mode 2 of 8255.
7. Interfacing and Programming 8279, 8259, and 8253.
8. Serial Communication between two MP Kits using 8251.
9. Interfacing and Programming of Stepper Motor and DC Motor Speed control.
10. Programming using Arithmetic, Logical and Bit Manipulation instructions of 8051
microcontroller.
11. Programming and verifying Timer, Interrupts and UART operations in 8051
microcontroller.
12. Communication between 8051 Microcontroller kit and PC.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2306 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB
4:18 AM
EC2306 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LAB
L T P C
0 0 3 2
USING TMS320C5X/TMS320C 67XX/ADSP 218X/219X/BS531/532/561
1. Study of various addressing modes of DSP using simple programming examples
2. Implementation of Linear and Circular Convolution
3. Sampling of input signal and display
4. Waveform generation
5. Implementation of FIR filter
USING MATLAB
1. Generation of Signals
2. Linear and circular convolution of two sequences
3. Sampling and effect of aliasing
4. Design of FIR filters
5. Design of IIR filters
6. Calculation of FFT of a signal
7. Decimation by polyphase decomposition.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2307 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Amplitude modulation and Demodulation.
2. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation
3. Pulse Modulation – PAM / PWM / PPM
4. Pulse Code Modulation
5. Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation.
6. Digital Modulation & Demodulation – ASK, PSK, QPSK, FSK (Hardware &
MATLAB)
7. Designing, Assembling and Testing of Pre-Emphasis / De-emphasis Circuits.
8. PLL and Frequency Synthesizer
9. Line Coding
10. Error Control Coding using MATLAB.
11. Sampling & Time Division Multiplexing.
12. Frequency Division Multiplexing,
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2308 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER LAB L T P C
0 0 3 2
1. Programs for 16 bit Arithmetic operations (Using 8086).
2. Programs for Sorting and Searching (Using 8086).
3. Programs for String manipulation operations (Using 8086).
4. Programs for Digital clock and Stop watch (Using 8086).
5. Interfacing ADC and DAC.
6. Parallel Communication between two MP Kits using Mode 1 and Mode 2 of 8255.
7. Interfacing and Programming 8279, 8259, and 8253.
8. Serial Communication between two MP Kits using 8251.
9. Interfacing and Programming of Stepper Motor and DC Motor Speed control.
10. Programming using Arithmetic, Logical and Bit Manipulation instructions of 8051
microcontroller.
11. Programming and verifying Timer, Interrupts and UART operations in 8051
microcontroller.
12. Communication between 8051 Microcontroller kit and PC.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
EC2304 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
4:17 AM
EC2304 MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS
L T P C3 1 0 4
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO 8 BIT AND 16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS – H/W
ARCHITECTURE 9
Introduction to microprocessor, computer and its organization, Programming system,
Address bus, data bus and control bus, Tristate bus, clock generation, Connecting
Microprocessor to I/O devices , Data transfer schemes, Architectural advancements of
microprocessors. Introductory System design using microprocessors, 8086 – Hardware
Architecture, External memory addressing, Bus cycles, some important Companion
Chips, Maximum mode bus cycle, 8086 system configuration, Memory Interfacing,
Minimum mode system configuration, Maximum mode system configuration, Interrupt
processing, Direct memory access.
UNIT II 16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 9
Programmer’s model of 8086, operand types, operand addressing, assembler directives,
instruction set - Data transfer group, Arithmetic group, logical group, control transfer
group, miscellaneous instruction groups, programming.
8
UNIT III MICROPROCESSOR PERIPHERAL INTERFACING 9
Introduction, Generation of I/O Ports, Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)-Intel
8255, Sample-and-Hold Circuit and Multiplexer, Keyboard and Display Interface,
Keyboard and Display Controller (8279), Programmable Interval timers (Intel 8253,
8254), D-to-A converter, A-to-D converter, CRT Terminal Interface, Printer Interface.
UNIT IV 8 BIT MICROCONTROLLER- H/W ARCHITECTURE, INSTRUCTION
SET AND PROGRAMMING 9
Introduction to 8051 Micro-controller, Architecture, Memory organization, Special
function registers, Port Operation, Memory Interfacing, I/O Interfacing, Programming
8051 resources, interrupts, Programmer’s model of 8051, Operand types, Operand
addressing, Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, Control
transfer instructions, Programming
UNIT V SYSTEM DESIGN USING MICRO PROCESSOR &
MICROCONTROLLER 9
Case studies – Traffic light control, washing machine control, RTC Interfacing using I2C
Standard- Motor Control- Relay, PWM, DC & Stepper Motor.
L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL= 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Krishna Kant, “MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS Architecture,
programming and system design using 8085, 8086, 8051 and 8096”. PHI 2007.
2. Douglas V Hall, “MICROPROCESSORS AND INTERFACING, PROGRAMMING
AND HARDWARE” TMH, 2006.
REFERENCES:
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.MCKinlay The 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Second Edition, Pearson Education 2008.
2. Kenneth J. Ayala, “The 8086 Microprocessor: Programming & Interfacing The PC”,
Delmar Publishers, 2007.
3. A K Ray, K M Bhurchandi, Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, TMH, 2007.
GE 2211 EVS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
4:16 AM
GE 2211 EVS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
GE2211 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGL T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY 14
Definition, scope and importance of environment – need for public awareness - concept
of an ecosystem – structure and function of an ecosystem – producers, consumers and
decomposers – energy flow in the ecosystem – ecological succession – food chains,
food webs and ecological pyramids – Introduction, types, characteristic features,
structure and function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert
ecosystem (d) aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) –
Introduction to biodiversity definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity –
biogeographical classification of India – value of biodiversity: consumptive use,
productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values – Biodiversity at global,
national and local levels – India as a mega-diversity nation – hot-spots of biodiversity –
threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts –
endangered and endemic species of India – conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and exsitu
conservation of biodiversity.
Field study of common plants, insects, birds
Field study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill slopes, etc.
UNIT II ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 8
Definition – causes, effects and control measures of: (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution
(c) Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Thermal pollution (g) Nuclear
hazards – soil waste management: causes, effects and control measures of municipal
solid wastes – role of an individual in prevention of pollution – pollution case studies –
disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Field study of local polluted site – Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural.
UNIT III NATURAL RESOURCES 10
Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber
extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people – Water
resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought,
conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems – Mineral resources: Use and
exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case
studies – Food resources: World food problems, changes caused by agriculture and
overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide problems, water logging,
salinity, case studies – Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and non
renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. case studies – Land
resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion
and desertification – role of an individual in conservation of natural resources – Equitable
use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
Field study of local area to document environmental assets – river / forest / grassland /
hill / mountain.
UNIT IV SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 7
From unsustainable to sustainable development – urban problems related to energy –
water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management – resettlement and
rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns, case studies – role of nongovernmental
organization- environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions –
climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and
holocaust, case studies. – wasteland reclamation – consumerism and waste products –
7
environment production act – Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) act – Water
(Prevention and control of Pollution) act – Wildlife protection act – Forest conservation
act – enforcement machinery involved in environmental legislation- central and state
pollution control boards- Public awareness.
UNIT V HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT 6
Population growth, variation among nations – population explosion – family welfare
programme – environment and human health – human rights – value education – HIV /
AIDS – women and child welfare – role of information technology in environment and
human health – Case studies.
TOTAL= 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gilbert M.Masters, “Introduction to Environmental Engineering and
Science”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education ,2004.
2. Benny Joseph, “Environmental Science and Engineering”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New
Delhi, 2006.
REFERENCES:
1. R.K. Trivedi, “Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances
and Standards”, Vol. I and II, Enviro Media.
2. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, “Environmental Encyclopedia”, Jaico
Publ., House, Mumbai, 2001.
3. Dharmendra S. Sengar, “Environmental law”, Prentice hall of India PVT LTD, New
Delhi, 2007.
4. Rajagopalan, R, “Environmental Studies-From Crisis to Cure”, Oxford University
Press (2005)
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